In 1990 decade after the realization of the importance of sophisticated weapons in the Persian Gulf war (1990-1991), the process of revolution in military affairs, the increasing strategic concern due to the challenges posed by the United States to the military interests of China in Taiwan, the emergence of Japan as a regional military power and also the military power of India and its increasing regional influence which made the occurrence of war more possible, one witnesses China’s inclination towards defence technology and modernization of People’s Liberation Army (PLA). Therefore in security thinking of China the priority of improving the military power has reached the level of priority of economic development.In this direction the Chinese leaders in the past decade taking into consideration the above changes have set strategic goals and adjusted their defence policies and have achieved enormous progress in defence technological field.

Although there are currently no indications of conflict in the Arctic, Moscow's attempts to strengthen its assets and military positions in the region have been interpreted largely as militarism by Western media and political think tanks. However, all Russian strategic documents emphasize on Russia's economic profits being gained through the resources and routes of the Arctic and do not refer to any particular military threat in the region. This literature is to assess the nature of Moscow’ s military presence and expansion in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation, in order to discover its relation with two concepts of military modernization and militarism. Therefore, the author tries to find out the nature of the presence and expansion of Russian military capabilities in the Arctic over the past decade has mainly been based on military modernization or militarism, and its reasons. The basic findings prove that the nature of the presence and expansion of Russian military capabilities in the Arctic over the past decade have been due to Moscow's strategic goals (including defending its sovereignty in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation against NATO, supporting economic interests and shipbuilding and benefiting them, and formalizing the role of Russia as a major power); based on military modernization and not militarism. Using descriptive-analytical method and relying on a defensive-invasive dualism under the theoretical approach of neo-realization, the author tries to tell why the research findings provide an answer to the research question.

In this article, football has been considered and studied as a social cultural modernization context. From the researchers point of view, football is a prevalent context in which it has been presented and supported by the new social forces quite voluntarily. Today football has been considered not only as a fair play but also as a life context. At the end, the researcher has tried to demonstrate what this new status means, on the basis of a Weberian approach, or what the nature of this new event is.

The increasing influence of the armed forces on political decision-making, whether domestic politics or foreign relations, has prompted many political sociologists to always study the issue of the position of the military in politics. This is the issue in contemporary Iran with the establishment of an absolute military government after the coup d'état of March 1299. It led to many theoretical reflections. A form of government that emerged by combining the two conflicting aspects of absolute government with modernization by the military and foreign intervention How did the military create this harmony? The purpose of this article is The research method in this article is to use the models of political sociology based on the study of the relations of social forces and the power structure based on the three-dimensional model of the government, military and civil institutions. The results of the research show that the motivation of the military to develop and increase the authority of the armed forces created the need for institutional modernization, and the ground for expanding the influence of the military in politics on the one hand and the unity of the absolute government and the modernization movement on the other hand was provided, although the internal conflict of the authoritarian system with the modernization movement led to the challenge of political legitimacy. The feature of this article is the investigation of the relations between the government, the military and the people under the influence of the intervening factors of modernization and foreign influence and interference.

Based on western philosophical thought, a thorough reconsideration of the rapid urban and regional modernization procedures reveals continual principles that have, and are, guiding the course of modern urbanism. By contemplating the subjectivity of Modernity and its corresponding phenomenon 'capitalism', the authors aim at discovering the specifications of urban modernization procedures, so as to be able to judge the contemporary city and the contemporary urbanism. This will also uncover some interesting aspects of early modernists' speculations on, and their correct understanding of the 'modern city'.

In the chaotic and overexcited era of the Constitutional Period, Mirzadeh Eshqi was a live and vibrant poet; fortunate enough to think about modernization. Within the versified worldview of Eshqi one can observe all the aspects of the phenomenon now known as "modernization". The feature most of notice in the structure of thought and approach of Eshqi is his paradoxical and heterogeneous attitude towards the different dimensions of modernity. Eshqi's ideas constantly flow within a black and white whirlpool approach; in other words there are constant changes. Therefore such an entirety-seeking thinking would be full of paradoxes. In Eshqi's worldview, there is not any share for wisdom and rationality; where this atmosphere mostly represents a picture of destruction, seeking revolution and carnage. Eshqi is so nervous and vehement natured that once he views an instance, he tends towards exaggeration and observes all human beings the same; regardless of whether they are good or bad. In overall, Eshqi's attitude towards the Iranian individuals is filled with paradox and contrasts. This article surveys the concept of modernization in Eshqi's poetry.

Modernization and reforms in Iran in the early 19th century and in the period of Abas Mirza and then in the era of Amir Kabir and Sepahsalar, from above and by government official, were not successful because of the tyrannical nature of Ghajari regime and the opposition of vested interests with the weakness and decline of the central government, reformist social movements from "Tobacco" to "Constitutional" movements emerged which could not reach to their goals and then the modern and absolutist state of Reza Shah came to power.During the era of Pahlavi modernization, especially by the increase of oil revenues in the 1960 and 1970 decades, intensified, but because of the lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework and again the tyrannical nature of the state in the form of a "Neopatriarchy" and corruption and repression and non-participatory nature of decision making process and then conflict between the state and society or religion, led to the Islamic Revolution of 1979.